JDBC: Architecture

JDBC API

JDBC Connection

• Transaction per statement execution
• Can be disabled by con.setAutoCommit(false)
• Without auto commit con.commit() / con.rollback() is required
• Rollback on error
• Must be closed

JDBC Connection Pooling

• Creating connection is expensive
• You don't always need a new physical connection
• Reuse physical connections across multiple logical uses
• Ability to setup the size of the connection pool
• H2 JdbcConnectionPool (simple implementation) implements DataSource interface (like most connection pool implementations)

Code Sample

Connection pool example

String jdbcUri = "jdbc:h2:/db/path;DATABASE_TO_UPPER=false";
String userName = "databaseUsername"
String password = "databasePassword"
DataSource dataSource = JdbcConnectionPool.create(jdbcUri, username, password);

// After the {Connection#close()} is called,
// it is returned to the connection pool
try(Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection()) {
   // Perform the operations
}

JDBC (Prepared) Statement

• Don't use Statement!!!
• PreparedStatement protects against SQL Injection
• Closed when connection object is closed
• Must be closed explicitely anyway, why?

JDBC ResultSet

• Represents result of database
• Iterator-like object over rows in result relation
• Should be closed (closed with PreparedStatement)

Code Sample

// connection and statement should be both closed after we are done
try(
    Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection();
    var statement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT id, number FROM Department WHERE id = ?")
) {
    ps.setLong(1, departmentID); // set the
    try (var rs = statement.executeQuery()) { // we should close the result set
        while (rs.next()) {
            long departmentId = rs.getLong("id");
            String number = rs.getString("number");
        }
    }
}

Code Sample: Transaction

try(Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection()) {
  connection.setAutoCommit(false);
  try(var st = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO ...")) {
      st.executeUpdate();
  }
  ...
  if(isSomeError)
    connection.rollback(); // maunal rollback
  ...
  try(var st = connection.prepareStatement("UPDATE ...")) {
    st.executeUpdate();
  }
   connection.commit(); // manual commit
}

Layers Diagram

Data Layer

• Responsible for storing data in Database
• Data represented by Entity object
• Entities managed via Data Access Objects
• In our project, DAOs receive a supplier for ConnectionHandler
  • connection handlers provides a connection instance
  • this will be useful when we will be working with transactions

Business / Model Layer

• Representation of data according to business reqirements
• Business object can separate / aggregate entity data
• Data represented by Model Objects
• Model objects managed via Repositories

Connecting Data and Business

• In ideal case - only repositories can delegate to DAO
• Mapping between Entities and Model Objects
• Done by mappers

Why such separation?

• Data Presentation vs Data Storage

Validation

• In our project the mapper is validating the data
  • Validation is always done when mapping Model to Entity

Database specific validation:

• Better to validate before storing data to the database
• VARCHAR and other database types have fixed size
• Example: Department.number max length is 10 characters

Seminar Reflection

• What was problematic?
• Possible solution...

Enum Representation

• Database dependent
• Possible representations:
  • Enums:
    • gender ENUM('male', 'female')
  • VARCHAR and check if database supports it
  • Enum values as a separate table

Application State Initialization

Task 3: Departments are missing in the application

• Multiple enviroments: Production, Development, Test
• Each environment should have different prepared data

Possible solutions (not all):

• Data migrations - data directly to the database (run data_dev.sql)
• Data initialization using code DataInit ~> ProductionDataInit
• Import - data can be imported (next week)

Problems with Data Initialization

• When to run the initialization?
• How to initialize the data?
  • Separate command/action (explicit)
  • At start, when database is empty (implicit)
  • Special property/environment variable (explicit)